Astronomical Algorithms Tonight's night sky · animate time with Play
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Orbital Inclination

Angle between an orbit plane and the reference plane (usually the ecliptic).

Definition

Inclination i is the angle between the orbital plane and the reference plane (the ecliptic for heliocentric orbits). It ranges from 0° (orbit in the reference plane) to 180° (retrograde orbit).

Planetary inclinations

Most planets orbit within a few degrees of the ecliptic. Mercury (7°) and Pluto (17°) have the largest inclinations among major bodies.

3D illustration

Orbital planes tilted relative to the ecliptic — inclination in 3D.

Use the menu and time controls to explore. Based on Jean Meeus' Astronomical Algorithms.