Astronomical Algorithms Tonight's night sky · animate time with Play
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Planets distances (MKm) Planets distances (MKm) Planets Planets
PLANETS DISTANCES (MKm)
Constellations elements FConstellations elements FConstellations elements
Constellations elements
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Stars
Orbits Orbits Orbits
Orbits
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Axes

Eccentricity

A number from 0 (circle) to 1 (parabola) describing orbital shape.

Definition

Eccentricity e is one of the six Keplerian elements. It equals the ratio of the distance between foci to the major axis. e = 0 gives a circle; 0 < e < 1 an ellipse; e = 1 a parabola (escape); e > 1 a hyperbola.

Solar system values

Most planets have low eccentricity (0.01–0.09). Mercury (0.21) and Mars (0.09) are exceptions among the eight planets. Comets can have e very close to 1.

3D illustration

Compare inner planets (nearly circular) with more eccentric outer orbits.

Use the menu and time controls to explore. Based on Jean Meeus' Astronomical Algorithms.